Understanding Online Sexual Harassment Essay - 3822 Words

Communications has been in a process of evolution and revolution from the time the first cave person drew pictures on a wall through the inventions of the printing press, the telephone, radio, and television to the most current revolution – the Internet. This paper will attempt to briefly examine online sexual harassment and the constitutionally granted rights of the First Amendment. In the interests of brevity and to remain with in the parameters of the paper any discussion will exclude workplace sexual harassment, flaming and stalking. The issue of public versus private forum has been discussed in many papers and journals and will not be covered in this paper. We also assume that any reader of this paper has a basic knowledge of sexual†¦show more content†¦Separate computers administered each domain and root server directed traffic among thedomains. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) was responsible for assigning numbers. In 1992 this responsibility was transferred, at the governments’ request, to InterNic, administered by Network Solutions. In September 1998, The International Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) was established to take on this responsibility. ICANN’s board of Directors would be comprised of members designated by IANA and NSI would provide technical aide. All information on the Internet travels via Internet Protocol (IP) from one network to other networks and finally to its destination through packets. Headers carry addresses for the packet’s source and destination and instructions for how to reassemble packets when they reach their destination. Large messages are split into several packets and sent individually to their destination through routers. IP packets first travel through physical, wired networks like Local Area Networks (LAN’s) that connect PC’s in most or telephone wires to a central office switch. But to reach a network beyond a LAN, or central office, packets must pass through an IP router that is connected to the LAN or the telephone network. An IP router sends a packet on the next router that will best relay the packet to its destination. Addresses allowShow MoreRelatedPreventing Sexual Harassment At The Workplace978 Words   |  4 PagesPreventing Sexual Harassment in the Workplace An anti-harassment policy should be set and published to every company by the employer; moreover, this policy should state and allow the employees to complain if the harassment and discrimination occur. However, employers are likely to be negligent about the important of investigating complaints of sexual harassment and appropriate solutions. (Tremblay, 2008) The most effective weapon against sexual harassment is prevention. It is impossibleRead MoreWhat Did You Learn From The Course Content?884 Words   |  4 Pagesgender is, and how it affects the way we learn and think, makes me look at our culture in a different way. For example, before this class I never realized how much women are objectified and put under intense Photoshop in advertisements. This better understanding of the way society is helps me take a step back and look at our culture in a different way, and allows me to become more aware of the issues surrounding gender, sex, and the ideals of masculinity and femininity. What Class Material Did You LearnRead MoreOnline Abuse : A Serious Issue Within The Past 2 Years1243 Words   |  5 PagesRe: MEMO FORMAT SUMMARY Online abuse has become a serious issue within the past 2 years. Various media reports have targeted on cyberharassment, notably toward women. The matter was mentioned at a congressional hearing in April and a United Nations panel in September. Politicians have called for better law enforcement solutions whereas net platforms like Google, Facebook and Twitter have taken steps to curb abuse. The article discusses the impact of online harassment and identifies some innovationsRead MoreCyber Bullying And Social Media876 Words   |  4 PagesBullying and Social Media Virtual harassment is a common and growing occurrence, and offline intimidation has continually been and remains to be a problem. Bullying of all kinds peaks in Middle School and in greatest cases spills off by College age, when scholars are more self-regulating and more developed. Shortage of organization amongst school staff, parents and scholars make cyber- and offline bullying a constant risk to young people s assurance and well-being. The U.S. Department of HealthRead MoreSame Sex Harassment Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesSame Sex Harassment Joseph Oncale was employed from August to November of 1991 by Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc., as a roustabout on a sea-based oil rig for $7 an hour. He had worked on offshore rigs before (and does today), but says hes never encountered such abusive treatment as when he signed on with Sundowner. Oncale claims that while on the job he was sexually harassed by three male Sundowner employees: John Lyons, his supervisor; and Danny Pippen and Brandon Johnson, two co-workersRead MoreThe Effects Of Trauma On Children And Professional Adults Essay882 Words   |  4 Pagespublic education system to use for children in the classroom, such as the start of the day in homeroom as mentioned in Hooker Fordor’s article (2008).  Question 5 The reading on Sexual Abuse Images in Cyberspace: Expanding the Ecology of the Child utilizes the reknowned Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model of understanding a child’s world explains that cyberspace needs to be included in children’s ecology (Martin Alaggia, 2013). Brofenbrenner’s ecological model looks to the social, emotional and physicalRead MoreSexual Harassment And Its Effects On Children1661 Words   |  7 PagesSexual harassment sounds like an adult issue, or something that is only a problem in a work environment. Most people won’t even hear it identified or defined until possibly in the later years of high school, or until they start their first jobs, but sexual harassment can start as early as elementary school. What’s worse is that children are unaware that the behavior is wrong, and so it just continues. A lot of people claim that educating children about sexual behavior is unnecessary, when it couldRead MoreMany Things Contrib ute To The Way A Person Acts, Or Reacts,1640 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscussed in feminism. As a female who identifies as a feminist, my thoughts regarding issues such as equal pay, reproductive rights, and sexual violence often differ greatly than those of my male friends, who often do not identify as a feminist. I decided to focus on the latter of the issues mentioned, specifically looking at how women’s perceptions on sexual harassment differ from men’s. Researching this topic is valuable for several reasons. First, we plan to go beyond looking at simply how differentRead MoreBusiness Ethics And Ethical Practices1503 Words   |  7 Pagesexample, web surfing, online shopping and playing game are the most unethical use of technology in the workplace (MacSweenney, 2001). Malachowski (2005) stated that 44.7% over 10,000 candidates of the research cited web surfing as their most distraction at the workplace. Another ethical issue at the workplace that is related to technological advances is the high tech sexual harassment. According to Tomlinson (n.d) many companies has faced this new type of sexual harassment at the workplace. For exampleRead MoreStudents Seek Change For Title Xi1417 Words   |  6 PagesAbigail Daniels POLI 310 Policy Memorandum: Title XI September 10th, 2016 Students Seek Change for Title XI Title XI at Glance Every time an American citizen turns on the news, there is a headline involving a sexual harassment case or unfortunately, cases of rape. Most news stories are focused on a questionable school policy that fails to have reasonable judgment and punishment for students involved. Recent cases in the news, like the Brock Turner case has turned viral due to the publicity

The Indonesian Forest Holocaust - 3277 Words

The Indonesian Forest Holocaust Marianne Phan Introduction The tropical rainforest of Indonesia was once the most biologically diverse forests in the world. Its rainforests accounted for 10% of the world’s plant species, 12% of the world’s mammal species, 16% of reptile species and 17% of the bird species (Hamilton 1996). In the late 1960s, commercial exploitation of Indonesia’s natural forests became a means to boost economic development under the Suharto’s regime by enabling the government to issue logging concessions. However, the lack of natural resource management of its natural forests caused backlash from locals and international communities led to the downfall of the Suharto regime in 1998 (Yasmi, Guernier Colfer 2009).†¦show more content†¦The first section of the essay will provide an overview of the issue and the vicious cycle contributing to the depletion of Indonesian tropical forests. The second section will investigate into the current regulations implemented by the Indonesian government t o regulate the environmental impacts of deforestation. The essay will then conclude by examining the business opportunities and risks that arises from this regulatory system. The deforestation epidemic in Indonesia The detrimental effects of deforestation Ongoing practices of deforestation will cause detrimental effect on the entire ecosystem throughout Asia and the world. It is evident that deforestation contributes a substantial volume of carbon emissions globally, with deforestation in most developing countries accounting for approximately 30 percent of global emissions (Johnson 2009). Dense atmospheric CO2 concentrations from land clearing and logging will produce too much carbon dioxide to linger in the atmosphere. Moreover, forest fires are resulting from deforestation as moisture from the soils are dried up, therefore causing further destruction of forests (Mongabay 2006). Once the trees are burnt, it will also release leftover carbon that was previously stored as carbon dioxide within it. This will lead to greater concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which would then modify the surface temperature due to the creating a

AP Spanish Language Scores Learn What Colleges Require

Most colleges and universities have a foreign language requirement, and a high score on the AP Spanish Language and Culture exam will sometimes fulfill that requirement. Successful completion of an Advanced Placement Spanish Language class is also a strong credential for demonstrating your language proficiency during the admissions process. About the AP Spanish Language and Culture Exam The AP Spanish Language and Culture exam takes just over three hours to complete. The test has listening, reading, and writing components. Section I of the exam is made up of 65 multiple choice questions and counts for 50% of the total exam score. This section has two parts: Part A ask students to answer questions related to Spanish language sources drawn from literature, ads, maps, tables, letters, and newspapers.Part B of the exam focuses on a combination of listening and reading. Students will answer questions after listening to audio texts drawn from sources such as interviews, podcasts and conversations. Section II of the exam focuses on writing. Students must perform four tasks: Task 1 asks students to read and respond to an email message.For Task 2, students write a persuasive essay that integrates three source documents (an article, a table or graphic, and an audio text).Task 3 requires students to preview a conversation and then answer five questions related to the conversation.The final task involves presentation speaking in which students compare cultural features of their own community with those found in an area of the Spanish-speaking world. To learn more specific information about the AP Spanish Language exam, be sure to visit the  official College Board website. AP Spanish Language and Culture Score Information In 2018, over 180,435 students took the exam and those test-takers earned a mean score of 3.69. AP exams are scored using a 5-point scale. The distribution of scores for the AP Spanish Language exam is as follows: AP Spanish Language Score Percentiles (2018 Data) Score Number of Students Percentage of Students 5 42,708 23.7 4 62,658 34.7 3 53,985 29.9 2 18,597 10.3 1 2,487 1.4 Note that these scores represent the total group of students who took the exam, including students who studied outside of the U.S. and may be regular speakers of Spanish. For the standard group of test-takers (those from the U.S. who learned Spanish in U.S. schools), the mean score was a 3.45, and a smaller percentage of students received a 4 or 5. College Credit and Course Placement for AP Spanish Most colleges and universities that have a liberal arts and sciences core curriculum will have a foreign language requirement, and Spanish is the most popular option among U.S. students.   The table below presents some representative data from a variety of colleges and universities. This information is meant to provide a general overview of the scoring and placement practices related to the AP Spanish Language exam. For colleges not listed below and to get the most up-to-date placement data, youll need to search the schools website or contact the appropriate Registrars office. You can see that nearly all colleges provide college credit for a high score on the AP Spanish Language and Culture exam. Placement, however, varies significantly. At UCLA, a score of 3 or higher fulfills a students foreign language requirement. Highly selective schools like MIT, Yale, and Grinnell, however, do not award any course placement based on AP Spanish exam scores.   AP Spanish Language Scores and Placement College Score Needed Placement Credit Grinnell College 4 or 5 4 semester credits; no placement LSU 3, 4 or 5 SPAN 1101 and 1102 (8 credits) for a 3; SPAN 1101, 1102, and 2101 (11 credits) for a 4; SPAN 1101, 1102, 2101, and 2102 (14 credits) for a 5 MIT 5 9 general elective credits; no placement Mississippi State University 3, 4 or 5 FLS 1113, 1123, 2133 (9 credits) for a 3; FLS 1113,1123, 2133, 2143 (12 credits) for a 4 or 5 Notre Dame 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 Spanish 10101 (3 credits) for a 1; Spanish 10101 and 10102 (6 credits) for a 2; Spanish 10102 and 20201 (6 credits) for a 3; Spanish 20201 and 20202 (6 credits) for a 4 or 5 Reed College 4 or 5 1 credit Stanford University 5 10 quarter units; placement exam required if continuing in Spanish Truman State University 3, 4 or 5 SPAN 101 Elementary Spanish I and II (6 credits) for a 3; SPAN 101 Elementary Spanish I and II, and SPAN 201 Intermediate Spanish I (9 credits) for a 4; SPAN 101 Elementary Spanish I and II and SPAN 201 Intermediate Spanish I and II (12 credits) for a 5 UCLA (School of Letters and Science) 3, 4 or 5 8 credits; language requirement fulfilled Yale University 4 or 5 2 credits A Final Word About AP Spanish Language and Culture Whatever score you get on the exam, and whether or not you earn college course credit, the AP Spanish exam can help on the college admissions front. Colleges want to see that applicants have taken the most challenging courses available to them, and AP classes play on important role on that front. Also, completion of an Advanced Placement language class typically means that you have exceeded the minimal foreign language requirement for admission. This shows that you have pushed yourself to learn more than is required of you, a fact that will be a plus when applying to college. Finally, realize that AP exam scores, unlike the SAT and ACT, are typically self reported and are not a required part of a college application. If you scored a 1 or 2 on the exam, you can simply choose to not report your score on your college application.

The Structural Framework Of Letter - 1281 Words

When observing the structural framework of Letter to Romans, chapters nine through eleven are a distinctive unit because of the central focus on God’s inclusion of salvation for all. Awkward sentence structure. Prior to chapters nine through eleven, Paul verbally confronts individually within his religious heritage for justifying their faith through their works to God’s promise rather by grace through faith. Chapters (7-8) explore the importance of tying the law with the gospel in order to live a righteous yet difficult life. Within these chapters, Paul continually berates the Jews for their rejection of Christ and for their faith justified by good works. However, Paul shifts his focus from the jews to the gentiles regarding their†¦show more content†¦I think that this could be correct, I would add a sentence or two explaining why. This scriptural passage is connected to preceding sections by using a transitional phrase â€Å" So that you† (v.25). This corresponds to the transitional phrase of the preceding section on the salvation of the gentiles, â€Å"So I ask,† (thesis points to previou section) Awkward sentence construction (v.11) One could interpret this use of transitional phrases as a series of points stemming from the main argument that Israel is still God’s elect and will attain salvation through the Gentiles according to God’s plan. Within this text, an important conceptual link is this emphasis on â€Å"all of Israel†. The Elijah narrative in the beginning of chapter 11, portrays God granting mercy on the people of Israel even though they have persecuted his prophets and desecrated the altars of God’s temple. However, those who are shown mercy are those 7,000 people who have not worshipped Baal. Paul expands upon this by stating that â€Å" So too at the present time there is a remnant, chosen by grace.† (v.5) The remanent pertains to the Jewish Christians of Paul’s time. However, two sections later, Paul makes an argument that all of Israel, even those who have disobeyed God, will attain salvation and mercy. The NRSV presents two textual problems for this scriptural passage. In verse 28, the word God was not originally in the sentence, therefore the line isShow MoreRelatedDevelopment Of New Qris Systems1502 Words   |  7 Pageswill present the results of those studies as they relate to three key questions 1) Are QRIS measures of quality related to measures of structural and process quality? 2) Do QRIS systems lead to an increase in program quality over time? And 3) Do QRIS ratings relate to children’s developmental outcomes? Do QRIS measures of quality relate to measures of structural and process quality? Fourteen studies related independent quality assessments with QRIS measures of quality (See Appendix A). All studiesRead MoreApple : Make It Informative And Interesting1546 Words   |  7 PagesModel. This model consist of four different frames; structural, political, human resource and symbolic. During this study we will examine two of those frames; structural and symbolic. The structural frame relates to goals, formal relationships, and focuses on data, structure plans and policies. The symbolic frame helps see the culture, the meaning behind the company and focuses on ?heroes?, belief and faith. (Bolman and Deal, 2008) Structural Frame With the new CEO Tim Cook at the helm forRead MoreSummary Of The Scarlet Letter- 1641 Words   |  7 PagesStephanie Nicolino Mrs. Sarich English 11H 10 October 2014 The Scarlet Letter- Chapters 9-12 (Passage Analyzer) Chapters 9 and 10 investigate the relationship in the middle of Chillingworth and Dimmesdale. On one level, Chillingworth speaks to science and Dimmesdale speaks to deep sense of being. Like Chillingworth s disfigured shoulders, Dimmesdale s disease is an outward sign of an internal condition, and not medication or religion suffices to cure it. What hampers his recuperation is hisRead Moreunderstand diversity, equality and inclusion in own are of responsibility1243 Words   |  5 Pagesneeds that do not conform with traditional expectations. Religious belief, where different religious beliefs are not taken into account and minorities are marginalized and not acknowledged. Other significant barriers could be structural, institutional and personal: Structural, where circumstances create or result in barriers - for example in access to a good education adequate housing, sufficient income to meet  basic needs. Institutional, where policies, processes, practices sustain an organisatio nalRead MoreTypes Of Cyber Crimes Performed Through E Mail1705 Words   |  7 Pagesauthorship attribution, and computing statistics. 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Ikea Paper Free Essays

string(37) " stated that IKEA is a price setter\." IKEA Business Analysis Industrial Organization – Essay I March 17, 2013 Word count: 3397 Introduction IKEA is a privately held, Swedish multinational company that is one of the world’s largest furnishings retailers. This international home products company designs and sells ready-to-assemble furniture such as beds, chairs, and desks, appliances, and home accessories. The company is the world’s largest furniture retailer. We will write a custom essay sample on Ikea Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now IKEA was founded in 1943 in the South of Sweden, and its name is an acronym of the initials of the founder’s name, Ingvar Kamprad and of Elmtaryd and Agunnaryd, the farm and village where Kamprad grew up. The company is known for its modern architectural designs on various types of appliances and furniture, often associated with a simplified eco-friendly interior design. In addition, the firm is known for the attention it gives to cost control, operational details and continuous product development, allowing it to lower its prices by an average of two to three percent over the decade to 2010, while continuing its global expansion. As of October 2011, IKEA has 332 stores in 38 countries. Most of these stores are directly owned but some are managed under franchise by owners outside the company. By doing this, IKEA faces a higher chance of success than in a sole proprietorship. In fiscal year 2010, it sold $23. 1 billion worth of goods, a 7. 7 percent increase over 2009. In recent years, IKEA purchases from developing countries have grown from 32% in 1998 to 48% in 2003; 29% of its output comes from Asia, 67% from Europe and 4% from the USA (Arrigo, 2005). For a long time, Poland was the second supplier of raw materials after Sweden, but there was recently a giddy increase in China which, in 2004, accounted for 14% of total output, followed by Poland with 12%, Sweden with 8%, Italy with 7%, and Germany with 6% (IKEA. com). To achieve its goal of boosting efficiency while cutting costs and prices to the end consumer, IKEA is constantly looking for convenient new locations. This paper will focus on strategic investments decisions with regard to innovation and advertising and strategic product feature decisions. IKEA Supply IKEA’s vision is â€Å"To create a better everyday life for the many people. † To meet its vision IKEA provides many well-designed, functional products for the home. It prices its products low so that as many people as possible can afford to buy them. However, in creating low prices IKEA is not willing to sacrifice its principles. Low price but not at any price† is what IKEA says. This means it wants its business to be sustainable. IKEA supplies goods and services to individuals in a way that has an overall beneficial effect on people and the environment. Customers all over the world have responded positively to IKEA’s approach. This is evident in its increa sing sales. Supply chain IKEA has an extremely efficient supply chain and its management was the key source in IKEA in cost management which gave it a cutting edge among its competitors as it products where charged 30% lower than the cost of its rivals. With regard to the supply chain, the flow of production and processes go through three industrial sectors before the end product reaches the customer. Firstly, it starts with the primary sector concerning raw materials. Natural resources such as timber are extracted and developed. IKEA buys products from more than 1,300 suppliers in 50 countries (The Times 100). It uses a number of trading service offices across the world. They negotiate prices with suppliers, check the quality of materials and analyze the environmental impacts that occur through the supply chain. IKEA aims that all the products and materials it takes from the primary sector do not harm the environment. They also keep an eye on social and working conditions at suppliers. The second step is manufacturing where primary materials are used to build, manufactured and developed to finished goods. A key part of IKEA’s success is due to its communications with materials’ suppliers and manufacturers. During manufacturing IKEA specifies to its producers that waste should be avoided. Where waste does occur the firm encourages suppliers to try to use it in the manufacture of other products. IKEA has a code of conduct called the IKEA Way of Purchasing Home Furnishing Products, the IWAY (The Times 100). This contains minimum rules and guidelines that help manufacturers to reduce the impact of their activities on the environment. IKEA aims that all there products are manufactured in a responsible way. The tertiary sector provides services needed to meet the needs of the end users such as retailing, distribution, insurance, and customer services. IKEA’s retail stores add value to manufactured goods by providing a form of shopping different to the usual high-street experience. They meet the needs of the consumers in a number of different ways. Each IKEA store is large and holds more than 9,500 products giving lots of choice. Within each store, there are a number of realistic room settings that enable customers to see what the products would look like in their own homes. In addition, the IKEA store is built on a concept of â€Å"you do half, we do half; together we save money†. This refers to, for example, the customer assembling furniture at home. Customers handpick products themselves using trolleys. Also, IKEA provides catalogues and home delivery to save customers’ time. IKEA stores also have restaurants that provide Swedish dishes alongside local food choices. IKEA Competition To define the relevant market, IKEA operates in a perfectly competitive market. IKEA is a furniture store and there are many other furniture stores owned by various different entities (so there are many suppliers in this market). Normally the firms in a perfectly competitive market would be price takers. However, IKEA has a lot of market power as it is able to raise its prices above the perfectly competitive level without losing many consumers. Therefore it can be stated that IKEA is a price setter. You read "Ikea Paper" in category "Papers" There are off course competitors, however it seems that IKEA does not really take competitor’s decisions into account as they are not really relevant to their own decisions. IKEA sets its prices very low because they face low production costs as a result of strong relationships with its suppliers. Competitors are predictable but even if they were unpredictable, IKEA would not be affected by their decisions as the firm is already at the bottom end of the market. IKEA makes use of their concept in a global strategy that designed furniture for a lower price than other competitors offer that can be sold everywhere for the targeted market segment. Sometimes regional differences appear that arise form national habits, lifestyles and culture. What gives IKEA a huge advantage in selling its products at a lower price springs from their â€Å"young† concept is that the customers have to bring home the products and assemble it themselves. No other firm manufactures as much furniture as IKEA. The firm can and will eliminate any local competition by using their global position. It is a fact that they have no competitors on the global market. IKEA’s success was recognized to its vast experience in the furniture retail market, its product differentiation and cost leadership. Across markets where it presently has a presence, products are sold at prices that are 30 to 50 percent lower than competing products. This penetration pricing enables IKEA to gain significant market share. Low prices are a result of large-quantity purchasing, low-cost logistics, and store location in housing areas. In addition, IKEA also benefits from economies of scale and healthy supplier-firm relationships. IKEA enters into long-term contracts, provides leased equipment and technical support in exchange for exclusive, low-cost manufacturing from suppliers. For new markets, IKEA should retain its price-image to maintain the brand’s positioning. IKEA strives for cost leadership, and for this reason it negotiates the most cheap conditions with a very large number of suppliers, a large part of whom live in eastern Europe and Asia, where the cost of raw materials, manpower and warehouse rentals is lower than elsewhere. IKEA always tries to acquire raw materials at the best price, choosing the suppliers with the cheapest price but it is equally focused on maintaining good relationships with them to avoid late deliveries or poor workmanship. IKEA’s low cost policy is based on several factors. Firstly, and previously already mentioned, it is based on economies of scale where large volumes reduce the unit cost of production. Secondly, the low cost policy is based on economies of transport where large orders of products permit to IKEA to transfer transport costs to suppliers. Low running costs inside the stores is also a factor. For example, the group uses buildings that are easy to build and inexpensive to manage, and it also has a ‘dressdown policy’, with all employees wearing the same uniforms, which are very simple and ractical. A last factor with regard to low cost policy is the purchases of unassembled products from suppliers with a consequent reduction of costs (taxes are lower for components than for finished products). IKEA Demand With regard to the number of buyers, this market faces a great number of buyers as IKEA wishes to reach everyone who needs a new piece of furniture or accessory. IKEA provides its products to end consumers as it only supplies their final products. These consumers can be households, other companies, or governments for example. On the demand side, the active participation of its customers, who are seen as genuine partners, is a source of economic saving for IKEA. Most of its products are packed in flat packs and the customer has to take them home and assemble them, paying the cost of transport and assembly, and thus reducing storage costs for IKEA. Wherever consumers go to IKEA stores, products are always the same. Consumers therefore know what they can expect and for what price. This is a very strong characteristic of IKEA because familiarity with a brand makes consumers come back. The 9,500 products that IKEA supplies is available in all IKEA stores and customers can order much of the range online through IKEA’s website. By doing this, IKEA makes products easier accessible, reducing the distance a consumers has to travel when choosing to purchase IKEA products, and bundles its good together with home deliveries of the orders. An IKEA market strategy in terms of service providence to their customers is always a unique one. The stores and services of IKEA are very much different from the other furniture vendors. The stores are very much spacious and divided into cheerful model rooms. This provides wide range of services to its customers to choose the furniture according to the measurements of their house along with the prices and variety of designs that are showed in kiosks. In addition, IKEA also provides childcare centers and include restaurants and cafes serving typical Swedish food. They also have small food shops selling Swedish groceries, everything from the famous meatballs to jam. Stores are located worldwide. It welcomed a total of 565 million visitors to the stores during the year 2008 and a further 450 million visits were made to the IKEA website. Low prices are one of the cornerstones of the IKEA concept and help to make customers want to buy from IKEA. IKEA’s products cater for every lifestyle and life stage of its customers, who come from all age groups and types of households. This is vital in times when the retail sector is depressed, as it increases IKEA’s potential market. The wide range of products that IKEA offers are of most value for consumers. Consumers prefer to have a lot of choice for good quality and low prices. IKEA’s product based market strategy drew many customers to their store and kept it the top position in the global market of the furniture companies. As previously mentioned, IKEA issued variant catalogs of their products in different native languages so as to reach all sections of their customers. IKEA also adopted some of the experimental marketing strategies for the publicity of their products. In earlier years it has taken decision to decorate a chain hotel with their furniture that has become a beneficial market strategy for both the parties. Its main aim is to target the customers of that hotel and market their products. Even the chain hotel gets benefit to decorate their hotels with lavishing furniture at low cost. Furthermore, the most important strategy of IKEA is not providing the exit for the customers who had entered in to their stores without having seen all the furniture in store. In this phenomenon there is scope that the customers may go for the more furniture that is not actually needed (Kotelnikov, 2005). Since it was founded IKEA has always had concern for people and the environment. The IKEA vision â€Å"to create a better everyday life for the many people† puts this concern at the heart of the business. IKEA has responded to the public’s rising concern for sustainability in its choice of product range, suppliers, stores and communication. It has also spotted business potential in providing sustainable solutions. IKEA’s concern for people and the environment encourages it to make better use of both raw materials and energy. This keeps costs down and helps the company to reach its green targets and have an overall positive impact on the environment. IKEA aims to be a responsible organization and believes that a strong environmental stance is good business practice, as it also has shown as the current trend of more â€Å"green† and environmental friendly preferences of consumers when choosing their products. Demand Supply Function Demand Function There are a couple of variables that are relevant to the quantity (Qd) of IKEA goods and services that consumers are willing and able to purchase, in other words demand. First of all the price of the goods (P) IKEA sets affects the demand. Next to P, prices of related goods and services (PR) are also important as those are goods from which inputs are derived to be used in the production of the primary good. The prices of related goods and services are therefore taken into account when IKEA sets its price (P). The expected future price of products (Pe) might also influence demand because if a consumer believes that the price of the good will be higher in the future, he or she is more likely to purchase the good now. In addition, prices of all other companies’ products (P1†¦Pn-1) have an influence on the demand function of IKEA. If their prices are much lower than IKEA prices, consumers will buy from other firms. However, as already mentioned, this is not the case for IKEA as they offer products for low prices. Also, if the consumer expects that his income will be higher in the future, the consumer may buy the good now. Therefore, expected future income (Ye) also affects demand. Thirdly, the incomes of consumers (Y) are also relevant to demand because this influences the ability to purchase the IKEA goods. Demand is also affected by the number of consumers in the market (N), the more consumers in the market, the higher the demand for the IKEA products. Moreover, advertising expenditure (A) affects demand as well. The more advertising, the more consumers are informed or persuaded to come and buy at IKEA. IKEA shows to be very efficient at this with providing their catalogs. Lastly, consumer tastes and preferences (T) also affect demand. It seems that consumers prefer IKEA products over other products because of its low prices and quality of the products. However, consumers incur transportation costs (t) that have an effect on preferring to buy from IKEA (which is often located just outside the city center) or to buy from a shop closer to their homes. Consumers know that IKEA provides very high quality products no matter in which shop they will buy the products and consumers could therefore prefer IKEA products over other. The general demand function for IKEA would therefore be: Qd = f (P, PR, Pe, Y, Ye, N, A, T(t)) or, Qd = a + bP + cPR + dPe + e(P1†¦Pn-1) + fM + gYe + hN + iA + jT(t) Where b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, and j are slope parameters that measure the effect on Qd of changing one of the variables while holding the others constant. We assume that, all in the short run, there is no change in taste and preference, that the income of the consumer is constant, that there is no change in customs, habit and quality of goods, no change in substitute products, related products and the price of the product, and finally, that there are no complementary goods. Supply Function There are a couple of factors that affect supply, the amount of products IKEA is willing and able to sell at a given price all other factors being held constant. Firstly, the price of IKEA’s products (P) influences the supply function. Ikea can be seen as a leader in this market and therefore it might be the case that the firm cuts its price, possibly as an attempt to keep the number of entrants low. Secondly, the price of related goods (PR) influences the supply function. If the PR increases, the cost of production will increase and therefore supply would decrease. Thirdly, technology (T) with regard to production affects supply in a way that whenever there is a technological advancement or technology used making production very efficient, the supply increases as production costs decrease. In addition, the price of inputs (PI) such as labor, energy, raw materials, influence supply. When PI increases, sellers are likely to raise P for each unit of output. For IKEA it is known that they have access to relatively cheap raw materials and an increase in PI would not quickly lead to an increase in P because IKEA aims to keep its prices low. Moreover, the number of suppliers (N) in this market might have a small effect on the supply function of IKEA. There are already many suppliers in this market and an increase in N would not lead to a significant decrease in P of IKEA. As stated previously, in creating low prices IKEA is not willing to sacrifice its principles (â€Å"low price but not at any price†). Expectations (Em) concerning the future market condition can directly affect IKEA’s supply in that whenever IKEA believes that the demand for its product will increase in the foreseeable future, IKEA will immediately increase production in anticipation of this increasing demand and therefore future price increases. Lastly, government policies (G) and regulations can have a significant effect on IKEA’s supply. For example environmental regulations could influence decisions IKEA has to take in consideration when switching to a new supplier of raw materials. The general supply function for IKEA would therefore be: Qs = f (P, PR, T, PI, N, Em, G) Assuming that all consumers know all things, about all products, at all times (including knowing the probabilistic outcome of all future events), and therefore always make the best decision regarding purchase. In addition, assuming that Ikea is the leader in a market with a large and endogenous number of firms. Decisions As IKEA is already at the bottom end of the market and operating very efficiently and profitably, the only decisions that they will face would be concerning future investments, advertising, and product features. One of the things that IKEA is now able to do is expanding more to new markets. So far, IKEA has limited its store locations to some of the most heavily populated markets in the countries in which it competes. To continue its growth trends, IKEA may have to begin investigating other (smaller) communities. IKEA has to consider how it will respond if and when a lower priced competitor enters its market. Also, IKEA may want to consider that its product assortment and promotions may not appeal to all cultures. However, for new markets, IKEA should retain its price-image to maintain the brand’s positioning. New cultures mean also that branding has to adapt to popularity in those particular new countries. For IKEA, despite the history of success the company has enjoyed thus far, there are no guarantees for the future. If IKEA does not keep on innovating and making the right expansion decisions, the company will become increasingly vulnerable to new competitors. Word count: 3397 References Arrigo, E. (2005). Corporate Responsibility and Hypercompetition. The IKEA Case. Symphonya, 2, pp. 37-57 Facts and figures, www. IKEA. com. Kotelnikov, V. (2005) Experimental Marketing. Retrieved from: http://www. 1000ventures. com/business_guide/marketing_experiential. html Building a sustainable supply chain: An IKEA case study. The Times 100. How to cite Ikea Paper, Papers

Diploma of Leadership and Management

Question: Discuss about theDiploma of Leadership and Management. Answer: Introduction Thy budget figures are listed in the following table and the variations from the budgeted figure is also indicated in separate column. Budget Expenses Budgeted Actual Variance Redesign web site to improve branding $ 5,000 $ 5,225 $ (225) Design and implement an incentive scheme $ 2,400 $ 2,510 $ (110) Conduct a radio advertising campaign $ 10,000 $ 9,800 $ 200 On-line communications newsletters, websites. Blogs - - - Stand at VCE Careers Expo 2016 $ 3,300 $ 3,450 $ (150) Develop and publish 2016 promotional brochure $ 1,500 $ 1,570 $ (70) Sponsor community organization to improve local community profile $ 2,000 $ 2,100 $ (100) Contingency amount $ 800 $ 850 $ (50) $ 25,000 $ 25,205 $ (505) The most of the expenditure were overrun in most of the cases. The expenditure which overrun are as following; Redesign web site to improve branding $225 Design and implement an incentive scheme $110 Stand at VCE Careers Expo 2016 $150 Develop and publish 2016 promotional brochure $70 Sponsor community organization to improve local community profile $100 Contingency amount $50 Introduction: Business needs financial plan. The implementation of the financial plans of companies requires different forecasting methods and techniques to understand cost and benefit (profit) from such business. The budget is one of such tool to measure the business activity and the expected cost to be spent on the business the tool for forecasting the financials (Weygandt et al., 2009). Projected and Actual Budget and Variance: The budget is the statement of the expected cost that would have to be earmarked for the future. It is very obvious that there will be cost overrun in the most of allocations due to time factors and the inflation factor. The proper estimation of the cost is challenging part of affair for any industry and therefore ascertaining the estimation would involve significant brain storming. The variance from the budgeted cost has not been that significant. The total variance in this case stood at $505 which is 2.02% higher than the allocated expenditure (INC, 2015). Overall Level of Variance: The overall level of variance from budgeted expenditure has not been significant. The cost overrun is by 2.02%. The variance of marketing activities is listed as following: Expenses Variance Redesign web site to improve branding $ (225) Design and implement an incentive scheme $ (110) Conduct a radio advertising campaign $ 200 On-line communications newsletters, websites. Blogs - Stand at VCE Careers Expo 2016 $ (150) Develop an publish 2016 promotional brochure $ (70) Sponsor community organisation to improve local community profile $ (100) Contingency amount $ (50) Actual Variance $ (505) Reasons for Overrun: The most important factors for cost overrun are as following; The inflation is the major factor for the cost over runs. As the time passes, the implementation costs increases due to increase in commodity prices and of the materials and also salaries and wages. There are other reasons for the increase in the cost of the goods and the service. Here, the company has allocated a budget each year to spend on marketing. These costs are mostly represented from the service sector. Any increase in the overall cost structure of the service provider, will reflect in the cost allocated or earmarked for specific services (Mymoneycoach, 2016). Proposed Solutions: The implementation is the important part of business activities. If the plans are implemented in time and in proper manner, the company would be able to save significant money. The cost overrun would not be at unbearable stage. Therefore the implementation would be the biggest factor in saving money from cost overrun. Conclusion: These important factors for consideration have to be pondered with, so that the implementation programme does not get delayed for any reason and cost does not hurt the company to much. Budget Expenses Actual Projected Redesign web site to improve branding $ 5,225 $ 5,460 Design and implement an incentive scheme $ 2,510 $ 2,600 Conduct a radio advertising campaign $ 9,800 $ 10,400 On-line communications newsletters, websites. Blogs - - Stand at VCE Careers Expo 2016 $ 3,450 $ 3,650 Develop an publish 2016 promotional brochure $ 1,570 $ 1,620 Sponsor community organisation to improve local community profile $ 2,100 $ 2,250 Contingency amount $ 850 $ 890 $ 25,505 $ 26,870 References: INC, 2015. Budgets and Budgeting. [Online] Available at: https://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/budgetsandbudgeting.html [Accessed 21 September 2016]. Mymoneycoach, 2016. What is Budgeting? What is a Budget? [Online] Available at: https://www.mymoneycoach.ca/budgeting/what-is-a-budget-planning-forecasting [Accessed 21 September 2016]. Weygandt, J.J., Kimmel, P.D. Kieso, D.E., 2009. Managerial Accounting: Tools for Business Decision Making. [Online] Hoboken: books.google.co.in Available at: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=vol37b8_lLECpg=PA402dq=cash+budgethl=ensa=Xei=u8T7VLikJ5XluQSyh4CwAgved=0CD8Q6AEwBQ#v=onepageq=cash%20budgetf=false [Accessed 21 September 2016].

Logistics Management free essay sample

Few areas of business involve the complexity or span the geography typical of logistics. Logistics is concerned with getting products and services where they are needed whenever they are desired. Most consumers take a high level of logistical competency for granted. When they go to store, they expect products to be available and fresh. It is rather difficult to visualize any marketing or manufacturing without logistical support Modern logistics is also a paradox. Logistics has been performed since the beginning of civilization: it’s hardly new. However implementing best practice of logistics has become one of the most exciting and challenging operational areas of business and public sector management According to Council of logistics management: â€Å"Logistics is the process of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services and related information from point of origin to point of consumption for the purpose of conforming the customer requirement†. Logistical management includes the design and administration of systems to controls the flow of material, work- in – process, and finished inventory to support business unit strategy. Logistics is the designing and managing of a system in order to control the flow of material throughout a corporation. This is a very important part of an international company because of geographical barriers. Logistics of an international company includes movement of raw materials, coordinating flows into and out of different countries, choices of transportation, and cost of the transportation, packaging the product for shipment, storing the product, and managing the entire process. Analysis of the figure of evolution of logistics [pic] Fragmentation 1960 This era was known as fragmentation because every thing that done was disintegrated Evolving Integration At this stage of time new concepts of Logistical management were evolving Total integration In the present scenario because of technological advances logistics has evolved as part of management Concept of Logistics The concept of logistics is fairly new in the business world. The theoretical development was not used until 1966. Since then, many business practices have evolved and logistics currently costs between 10 and 25 percent of the total cost of an international purchase. There are two main phases that are important in the movement of materials: material management and physical distribution; Materials management is the timely movement of raw materials, parts, and supplies. The physical distribution is the movement of the firms finished products to the customers. Both phases involve every stage of the process including storage. The ultimate goal of logistics is: To coordinate all efforts of the company to maintain a cost effective flow of goods. Word, ’Logistics’ is derived from French word ‘loger’, which means art of war pertaining to movement and supply of armies. A military concept, fighting a war requires: i. Setting of an objective ii. Meticulous planning to achieve the objective iii. Troops properly deployed iv. Supply line consisting weaponry, food, medical assistance, etc. maintained v. Plan should be such that there is minimum loss to men material Like fighting a war in the battlefield, the marketing managers also need a suitable logistics plan that is capable of satisfying the company objective of meeting profitably the demand of targeted customers. Inbound logistics + Material Management + Physical Distribution =Logistics Discussion of each and every term in this above summation i. Inbound logistics covers the movement of materials received from suppliers ii. Material management describes the movements of material components within a firm iii. Physical distribution refers to movement of goods outward from the end of the assembly line to the costumer. iv. Supply- chain management is somewhat larger than logistics and it links logistics more directly within the user’s total communication network with the firm engineering staff. It includes manufacturer and suppliers but also transporters, warehouses, retailers and customers themselves. Importance of logistics i. Transportation cost rose rapidly due to the rise in fuel prices ii. Production efficiency was reaching a peak iii. Fundamental change in inventory philosophy iv. Product line proliferated v. Computer technology vi. Increased use or computers vii. Increased public concern of products Growth of several new, large retail chains or mass merchandise with large demands very sophisticated logistics services, by pass traditional channel distribution viii. Reduction in economic regulation ix. Growing power of retailers x. Globalization The interrelation of different logistics element and their costs should be based on total cost rather than individual costs. The objectives of Logistics Operating Objectives In terms of logistical system design and administration, each firm must simultaneously achieve at least six different operational objectives. These operational objectives, which are the primary determinants of logistical performance, include rapid response, minimum variance, minimum inventory, movement consolidation, quality, and life-cycle support. Each objective is briefly discussed. Rapid Response Rapid response is concerned with a firms ability to satisfy customer service requirements in a timely manner. Information technology has increased the capability to postpone logistical operations to the latest possible time and then accomplish rapid delivery of required inventory. The result is elimination of excessive inventories traditionally stocked in anticipation of customer requirements. Rapid response capability shifts operational emphasis from an anticipatory posture based on forecasting and inventory stocking to responding to customer requirements on a shipment-to-shipment basis. Because inventory is typically not moved in a time-based system until customer requirements are known and performance is committed, little tolerance exists for operational deficiencies Minimum Variance Variance is any unexpected event that disrupts system performance. Variance may result from any aspect of logistical operations. Delays in expected time of customer order receipt, an unexpected disruption in manufacturing, goods arriving damaged at a customers location, or delivery to an incorrect location-all result in a time disruption in operations that must be resolved. Potential reduction of variance relates to both internal and external operations. Operating areas of a logistical system are subject to potential variance. The traditional solution to accommodating variance was to establish safety stock inventory or use high-cost premium transportation. Such practices, given their expense and associated risk, have been replaced by using information technology to achieve positive logistics Control. To the extent that variances are minimized, logistical productivity improves as a result of economical operations. Thus, a basic objective of overall logistical performance is to minimize variance. Minimum Inventory The objective of minimum variance involves asses commitment and relative turn velocity. Total commitment is the financial value of inventory deployed throughout the logistical system. Turn velocity involves the rate of inventory usage over time. High turn rates, coupled with inventory availability, means that assets devoted to inventory are being effectively utilized. The objective is to reduce inventory deployment to the lowest level consistent with customer service goals to achieve the lowest overall total logistics cost. Concepts like zero inventories have become increasingly as managers seek to reduce inventory deployment. The reality of reengineering a system is that operational defects do not become apparent until inventories are reduced to their lowest possible level. While the goal of eliminating all inventories is attractive, it is important to remember that inventory can and does facilitate some important benefits in a logistical system. Inventories can provide improved return on investment when they result in economies of scale in manufacturing or procurement. The objective is to reduce and manage inventory to the lowest possible level while simultaneously achieving desired operating objectives. To achieve the objective of minimum inventory, the logistical system design must control commitment and turn velocity for the entire firm, not merely for each business location. Movement consolidation One of the most significant logistical costs is transportation. Transportation cost is directly related to the type of product, size of shipment, and distance. Many Logistical systems that feature premium service depend on high-speed, small-shipment transportation. Premium transportation is typically high-cost. To reduce transportation cost, it is desirable to achieve movement consolidation. As a general rule, the larger the overall shipment and the longer the distance it is transported, the lower the transportation cost per unit. This requires innovative programs to group small shipments for consolidated movement. Such programs must be facilitated by working arrangements that transcend the overall supply chain. Quality improvement A fifth logistical objective is to seek continuous quality improvement. Total quality management (TQM) has become a major commitment throughout all facets of industry. Overall commitment to TQM is one of the major forces contributing to the logistical renaissance. If a product becomes defective or if service promises are not kept, little, if any, value is added by the logistics. Logistical costs, once expended, cannot be reversed. In fact, when quality fails, the logistical performance typically needs to be reversed and then repeated. Logistics itself must perform to demanding quality standards.